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Chapter 20 — Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions Non-Hazardous

EWC Code

20 01

Separately collected fractions (except 15 01)

EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000

Annual Volume

~90M tonnes/yr separately collected (EU-27)

Valorisation Range

Aluminium cans: €700–1100/tonne; glass cullet: €30–80/tonne; mixed paper: €50–180/tonne; clear PET: €200–450/tonne

Primary Route

Material Recycling (MRF + Reprocessing)

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Waste Classification

EWC 20 01 covers waste streams separately collected from municipal sources under organised collection programmes, excluding packaging waste under Chapter 15 01. Key streams include ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper and cardboard, plastics, biodegradable kitchen and garden waste, electrical equipment, batteries, and wood.

EU Directive 2018/851 (amended Waste Framework Directive) mandates separate collection for paper, metal, plastic, and glass from 2025, and for biowaste from 2023. Member States must achieve 55% preparation for reuse and recycling of municipal waste by 2025, rising to 65% by 2035. These targets drive investment in collection infrastructure and secondary material markets.

Market prices for sorted fractions are highly volatile, driven by commodity cycles, Chinese National Sword import restrictions (2018), and EU recycled content mandates. Aluminium and copper fractions carry the highest value; mixed plastics and contaminated glass the lowest. Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) produce specification-grade secondary raw materials from incoming separately collected streams.

Typical Generators

Municipal separate collection programmes
Commercial and retail premises
Offices and institutional buildings
Industrial canteens and catering operations

Disposal & Valorisation Routes

Established valorisation pathways for EWC 20 01, ranked by economic value and market depth. Material Recycling (MRF + Reprocessing) is the primary route.

Material Recycling (MRF + Reprocessing)

Primary

Sorted fractions processed at Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and sold to reprocessors: glass cullet to glass furnaces (replacing 1:1 primary batch); aluminium to secondary smelters (95% energy saving vs primary); paper to paper mills (30–40% primary fibre replacement). Gate fees: negative for clean fractions; €20–60/tonne for mixed or contaminated inputs.

Anaerobic Digestion / Composting

Secondary

Separately collected biowaste (food and garden waste) processed via anaerobic digestion (biogas + digestate) or composting (certified soil conditioner). AD plants produce 100–150 Nm³ biogas/tonne wet weight; digestate sold as certified fertiliser replacing synthetic NPK. Gate fee: €40–90/tonne.

Energy from Waste (Residual Fractions)

Backstop

Residual fractions not meeting secondary material specifications (contaminated glass, mixed plastics below grade) directed to Energy from Waste (EfW) incineration with heat and power recovery. Must meet R1 energy efficiency threshold (0.65 for pre-2009 plants, 0.60 for post-2009) under Directive 2008/98/EC to qualify as recovery rather than disposal.

These are the established routes for EWC 20 01. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.

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NACE Receiving Industries

Primary & secondary off-takers

01
Manufacture of hollow glass

Glass cullet as batch raw material replacement (up to 90% cullet content)

02
Aluminium production

Secondary aluminium smelting from separately collected cans and foil

03
Manufacture of paper and paperboard

Recovered paper as primary furnish in newsprint and packaging grades

04
Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste

MRF sorting, composting, and anaerobic digestion of biowaste fractions

Source: NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat, 2008

Regulatory Context

Key legislative frameworks governing EWC 20 01 classification, transport, and treatment.

Directive 2008/98/EC as amended by 2018/851

Mandates separate collection for paper, metal, plastic, glass (2025) and biowaste (2023). Recycling targets: 55% municipal waste by 2025, 60% by 2030, 65% by 2035.

Directive 94/62/EC (Packaging Directive)

Separate targets for packaging fractions within 20 01: 70% weight recycling by 2025, 80% by 2030. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes fund collection and sorting infrastructure.

Directive 2018/851/EU Article 22

Biowaste must be separated at source or collected separately by 31 December 2023. Quality standards for compost and digestate output defined in national implementing legislation.

End-of-Waste Criteria

Compost EN 13432, glass cullet (no EU-wide EoW criteria — national regimes apply), aluminium secondary alloys (EN 1676). EoW status removes waste classification once specified quality criteria met.

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Where to Sell or Source This Material

Waste-stream pages and resources connected to EWC 20 01 valorisation.

Cardboard & Paper~45M t/yr · €40–120/tPlastic Film~4M t/yr · €100–280/tE-Waste~5M t/yr · €100–3000/t (PCB-bearing); cost €50–200/t (mixed WEEE)Textile~12M t/yr · €20–150/tBatteries~800k t/yr · €100–800/t (lead-acid); credit possible for Li-ionOrganic Food Waste~88M t/yr · Gate credit €0–40/t (AD); cost €20–60/t (landfill)Lithium-Ion Cells~250k t/yr (rising sharply) · Credit €500–6000/t depending on chemistryEWC Code for CardboardMunicipal / household separate collectionEWC Code for PaperMunicipal / office separate collectionEWC Code for Plastic PackagingMunicipal separate collectionEWC Code for Wooden PalletsMunicipal wood (not containing hazardous substances)EWC Code for Metal PackagingMunicipal metalsEWC Code for Glass BottlesMunicipal separate collectionEWC Code for Food WasteKitchen / canteen / catering wasteEWC Code for TextilesMunicipal collection — clothesEWC Code for BatteriesMunicipal mixed batteries (containing hazardous cells)EWC Code for Lead-Acid BatteriesMunicipal mixed battery collectionsEWC Code for Fluorescent TubesFluorescent tubes and mercury-containing lampsEWC Code for Fridges & FreezersMunicipal collection — CFC/HFC-containing equipmentEWC Code for Electronic WasteMunicipal WEEE containing hazardous componentsEWC Code for PaintMunicipal — containing hazardous substancesEWC Code for MedicinesMunicipal — cytotoxic / cytostatic medicinesEWC Code for Cooking OilKitchens / catering — edible oil and fatEWC Code for Bulky WasteSeparately collected wood furnitureEWC Code for Treated WoodMunicipal — wood containing hazardous substancesEWC Code for CopperMunicipal metalsEWC Code for Mixed MetalsMunicipal metalsEWC Code for SolventsMunicipal collection — solventsEWC Code for Textile OffcutsMunicipal textilesBenefits of Industrial SymbiosisWhy turning waste streams into off-taker matches creates measurable economic and environmental valueHow AI Matching Technology WorksHow SymbioFlows pairs waste producers with verified off-takers at scaleCircular Economy GuideA practical introduction to closing material loops between industries

Explore EU waste flows — Waste Atlas

Visualise 17 years of E-PRTR industrial facility data. See how EWC 20 01 and related waste streams flow across European industries and sectors.

View Atlas

Source: EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC · NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat 2008

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