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Chapter 02 — Wastes from agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, food preparation and processing Non-Hazardous

EWC Code

02 04

Wastes from sugar processing

EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000

Annual Volume

~15 Mt/year EU (beet pulp, molasses, lime carbonation sludge)

Valorisation Range

Beet pulp pellets €80–130/t (feed); molasses €180–250/t; carbonation lime €5–15/t (agriculture)

Primary Route

Animal feed (pulp) and fermentation (molasses)

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Waste Classification

EWC 02 04 covers residues from beet and cane sugar production: beet pulp, molasses, carbonation lime (calcium carbonate sludge from juice purification), sugar filter press cake, and evaporation condensate sludge. EU sugar production is concentrated in Germany, France, Poland, Belgium and the Netherlands, processing ~120 Mt of beet annually. All primary residues from sugar processing are non-hazardous and have well-established commercial markets.

Beet pulp — the largest stream at ~5 Mt fresh weight/year EU — is pressed, dried and pelleted for ruminant feed, or increasingly ensiled fresh on-farm. Molasses, at ~1.5 Mt/year, is diverted to yeast fermentation, ethanol production and animal feed. Carbonation lime (~3 Mt/year as wet sludge) is an agricultural liming material equivalent to agricultural lime. Only where cleaning chemicals or pest control substances contaminate process residues would a sub-stream require re-classification.

Sugar factories are integrated biorefinery exemplars: beet juice → sugar + molasses; beet pulp → feed or biogas; carbonation lime → agricultural amendment; flue gas CO₂ → greenhouse horticulture. Some factories operate combined heat and power plants fuelled by biogas from molasses and effluent treatment sludge, achieving near-zero waste status.

Typical Generators

Sugar beet processing factories
Cane sugar refineries
Molasses fermentation operations

Disposal & Valorisation Routes

Established valorisation pathways for EWC 02 04, ranked by economic value and market depth. Animal feed (pulp) and fermentation (molasses) is the primary route.

Animal feed (pulp) and fermentation (molasses)

Primary

Pressed or dried beet pulp sold as ruminant feed. Molasses contracted to distilleries (ethanol, bioethanol), yeast manufacturers and animal feed compounders. Both streams typically by-products rather than wastes — Art. 5 Directive 2008/98/EC criteria generally met.

Agricultural lime application

Secondary

Carbonation lime sludge (≈40% CaCO₃) applied to arable land as pH amendment. Equivalent to crushed limestone. Requires soil analysis and application rate calculation. May qualify as End-of-Waste or by-product under national competent authority decision.

Anaerobic digestion of effluents

Backstop

Effluent treatment sludge and residual organic fractions co-digested in factory biogas plant. Heat and electricity used on-site; digestate applied to beet contract fields. Some factories export biomethane to grid.

These are the established routes for EWC 02 04. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.

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NACE Receiving Industries

Primary & secondary off-takers

01
Manufacture of other food products

Sugar factories as primary generators; molasses users include yeast and ethanol producers

02
Animal production

Dairy and beef farms are primary receivers of beet pulp as feed supplement

03
Manufacture of basic chemicals

Ethanol producers use molasses as fermentation feedstock

04
Growing of non-perennial crops

Arable farmers receive carbonation lime as soil conditioner

Source: NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat, 2008

Regulatory Context

Key legislative frameworks governing EWC 02 04 classification, transport, and treatment.

Regulation (EC) 183/2005

Beet pulp and molasses used as animal feed must meet feed hygiene requirements. Sugar factories supplying directly to farms must be registered as feed business operators.

Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC

Biogas digestate from sugar factory effluents applied to land must comply with nitrogen application limits in nitrate vulnerable zones. Nutrient content must be documented.

By-product status under Directive 2008/98/EC Art. 5

Beet pulp, molasses and carbonation lime supplied commercially directly from production process typically meet by-product criteria. No waste permit required where certain further use is guaranteed without further processing.

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Industries That Use This Waste

Sectors that valorise EWC 02 04 as an input material or secondary raw material.

Explore EU waste flows — Waste Atlas

Visualise 17 years of E-PRTR industrial facility data. See how EWC 02 04 and related waste streams flow across European industries and sectors.

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Source: EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC · NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat 2008

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