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Chapter 10 — Wastes from thermal processes Non-Hazardous

EWC Code

10 10

Wastes from casting of non-ferrous pieces

EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000

Annual Volume

3.2 million tonnes/year EU non-ferrous foundry waste

Valorisation Range

€185M non-ferrous foundry sand and dross market

Primary Route

Sand reclamation and reuse

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Waste Classification

Non-ferrous casting generates spent foundry sand contaminated with metal-specific residues, dross, core binders and refractory waste. Aluminium casting dominates the EU non-ferrous foundry sector, with automotive and aerospace applications driving demand. Aluminium casting sand may contain metallic aluminium fines that react with water to generate hydrogen, requiring testing before disposal.

Copper alloy casting generates sand contaminated with copper, lead and zinc at concentrations potentially exceeding inert waste thresholds. Lead-bearing sands from traditional leaded brass casting require testing under EN 12457 before construction reuse; elevated lead leachate (>0.5 mg/L) triggers hazardous waste classification. Investment casting generates ceramic shell mould waste containing zircon and alumina.

Magnesium casting requires sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) or sulphur dioxide cover gas, generating contaminated sand with residual reactive metal fines. SF₆ is a potent greenhouse gas (GWP 23,500); EU F-Gas Regulation 2014/517/EU restricts its use. Magnesium fire risk from contaminated foundry sand requires reactive waste classification if metallic Mg content exceeds threshold.

Typical Generators

Aluminium die casting plants
Copper alloy foundries
Zinc die casters
Magnesium casting operations
Investment casting facilities

Disposal & Valorisation Routes

Established valorisation pathways for EWC 10 10, ranked by economic value and market depth. Sand reclamation and reuse is the primary route.

Sand reclamation and reuse

Primary

Non-ferrous casting sand is reclaimed by mechanical or thermal regeneration adapted to specific binder systems. Aluminium casting green sand is reclaimed with >90% recovery by attrition mills removing clay coating. Chemically bonded sands undergo thermal treatment at 600–700°C.

Metal-specific dross recycling

Secondary

Dross from aluminium, copper and zinc casting is returned to primary or secondary metal producers for metal recovery. Aluminium dross is processed in rotary kilns; copper dross returned to brass mills; zinc dross to zinc smelter. Economic value of dross ensures high recovery rates without regulatory pressure.

Tested landfill for contaminated fractions

Backstop

Spent foundry sand failing leachate tests due to metal contamination or reactive metal content is disposed to appropriate landfill class. Magnesium-contaminated sand may require pre-treatment to passivate reactive fines. Lead-contaminated copper alloy sand disposed as hazardous waste if EN 12457 leachate exceeds 0.5 mg/L Pb.

These are the established routes for EWC 10 10. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.

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NACE Receiving Industries

Primary & secondary off-takers

01
Casting of light metals

Reclaim spent aluminium casting sand in-house via mechanical attrition systems

02
Casting of other non-ferrous metals

Reprocess copper alloy and zinc casting sand residues for metal and aggregate recovery

03
Recovery of sorted materials

Process mixed non-ferrous foundry residues for metal recovery and sand reclamation

04
Manufacture of concrete products for construction purposes

Use quality-verified reclaimed non-ferrous casting sand as concrete aggregate

Source: NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat, 2008

Regulatory Context

Key legislative frameworks governing EWC 10 10 classification, transport, and treatment.

F-Gas Regulation 517/2014 — Magnesium casting SF₆

SF₆ used as cover gas in magnesium casting is regulated under F-Gas Regulation with mandatory leak detection, operator training certification and annual reporting. Recovery systems must capture SF₆ from process exhausts. Alternative cover gases (SO₂, HFC-134a) are being adopted due to phasedown schedule.

Directive 2008/98/EC — Reactive metal waste classification

Foundry sand containing reactive magnesium or aluminium fines is classified as hazardous (H3-A: highly flammable) if metallic content exceeds thresholds generating >1L hydrogen/kg. Safety Data Sheet and reactive waste consignment procedures apply. Disposal site must accept reactive waste class.

REACH Regulation 1907/2006 — Lead in copper alloy casting sand

Spent casting sand from leaded brass foundries may contain lead above SVHC concentration thresholds. Testing under EN 12457 required before any construction reuse. If lead leachate exceeds hazardous WAC threshold, sand is managed as hazardous waste with full documentation.

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Industries That Use This Waste

Sectors that valorise EWC 10 10 as an input material or secondary raw material.

Explore EU waste flows — Waste Atlas

Visualise 17 years of E-PRTR industrial facility data. See how EWC 10 10 and related waste streams flow across European industries and sectors.

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Source: EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC · NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat 2008

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