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Chapter 10 — Wastes from thermal processes Non-Hazardous

EWC Code

10 03

Wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy

EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000

Annual Volume

4.2 million tonnes/year EU aluminium metallurgy residues

Valorisation Range

€380M secondary aluminium dross market

Primary Route

Dross reprocessing

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Waste Classification

Aluminium thermal metallurgy generates dross, salt slags and refractory waste as primary waste streams. Primary production dross contains 40–70% metallic aluminium recoverable by rotary kiln processing, while salt slags from secondary smelting contain aluminium oxide, salt flux and metallic aluminium. Both streams are classified non-hazardous at chapter level but several 6-digit codes carry the hazardous asterisk where reactive compounds are present.

Salt slags (10 03 08*) react with water to release ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, requiring covered storage and specialist processing. White dross from primary smelting and black dross from secondary processing differ in metallic content and chloride loading, determining whether thermal or hydrometallurgical recovery is appropriate.

EU secondary aluminium production recovers approximately 3 million tonnes annually. Dross processing facilities recover residual metal then use the aluminium oxide fraction as cement additive or abrasive grit, with salt recovered and recycled within the process loop.

Typical Generators

Primary aluminium smelters
Secondary aluminium producers
Die casting plants
Aluminium rolling mills

Disposal & Valorisation Routes

Established valorisation pathways for EWC 10 03, ranked by economic value and market depth. Dross reprocessing is the primary route.

Dross reprocessing

Primary

Rotary kiln or induction furnace processing of dross recovers 40–70% residual metallic aluminium. Salt flux is regenerated and recycled within the smelting process. Aluminium oxide residue is sold for abrasive, cement or refractory applications.

Refractory and slag recycling

Secondary

Spent refractory bricks are crushed and screened for road sub-base or aggregate use. Inert slag fractions are used as cement substitute or secondary aggregate in construction, requiring leachate testing under EN 12457 before placement.

Engineered landfill

Backstop

Non-recoverable residues including contaminated refractory and salt slag treatment residues are disposed to inert or non-hazardous landfill under Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC. Reactive fractions require pre-treatment to remove water-reactive compounds before landfill acceptance.

These are the established routes for EWC 10 03. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.

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NACE Receiving Industries

Primary & secondary off-takers

01
Aluminium production

Reprocess dross and salt slag to recover metallic aluminium and salt flux

02
Lime and plaster manufacture

Use aluminium oxide fraction as raw material substitute in cement kiln

03
Recovery of sorted materials

Sort and process mixed aluminium dross streams for metal recovery

04
Other non-metallic mineral products

Use calcined alumina residue as abrasive grit or refractory filler

Source: NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat, 2008

Regulatory Context

Key legislative frameworks governing EWC 10 03 classification, transport, and treatment.

IED 2010/75/EU — Aluminium smelting BREF

Primary aluminium smelters and secondary production above 20 tonnes/day require IED permit. BREF for non-ferrous metals specifies dross processing requirements and emission limits for HF, SO₂ and particulates from thermal treatment.

Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC — Salt slag restrictions

Water-reactive salt slags (10 03 08*) require pre-treatment before landfill under Article 6(a). Waste Acceptance Criteria for non-hazardous landfill specify leachate limits for chloride, sulphate and pH that processed salt slag must meet.

Directive 2008/98/EC — Dross recovery status

Commission Decision 2011/753/EU clarifies that dross recovery operations generating aluminium oxide for use as secondary raw material constitute recovery (R4) not disposal. Economic operator must demonstrate genuine use as raw material substitute to claim recovery status.

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Industries That Use This Waste

Sectors that valorise EWC 10 03 as an input material or secondary raw material.

Explore EU waste flows — Waste Atlas

Visualise 17 years of E-PRTR industrial facility data. See how EWC 10 03 and related waste streams flow across European industries and sectors.

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Source: EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC · NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat 2008

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