EWC Code
Wastes from incineration or pyrolysis of waste
EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000Annual Volume
8 million tonnes/year EU incineration residues
Valorisation Range
€600M bottom ash aggregate and metal recovery market
Primary Route
IBA aggregate recovery (bottom ash)
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Get contacts for EWC 19 01EWC 19 01 covers wastes from incineration or pyrolysis processes. Key sub-entries: 19 01 02 (ferrous bottom ash and slag), 19 01 05* (filter cake from flue gas treatment), 19 01 06* (aqueous liquid wastes from flue gas treatment), 19 01 07* (solid wastes from gas treatment), 19 01 10* (spent activated carbon from flue gas treatment), 19 01 11* (bottom ash and slag containing dangerous substances), 19 01 12 (non-hazardous bottom ash and slag), 19 01 13* (fly ash containing dangerous substances), 19 01 14 (non-hazardous fly ash), 19 01 15* (boiler dust containing dangerous substances), 19 01 16 (non-hazardous boiler dust).
Bottom ash (slag) from municipal waste incineration (MSWI) constitutes 80–85% of incineration solid residues by mass. Clean MSWI bottom ash (19 01 12) is classified non-hazardous and has a well-developed secondary aggregate market after IBA (incinerator bottom ash) processing to recover ferrous and non-ferrous metals and screen the mineral fraction. Fly ash (19 01 13/14) is the finer fraction captured by bag filters; MSWI fly ash is typically hazardous due to heavy metal and dioxin/furan concentrations.
Air pollution control (APC) residues from flue gas treatment — filter cake, fly ash, boiler dust — concentrate heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Zn), chlorides and dioxins from the treated flue gas. These are typically classified hazardous (19 01 05*, 19 01 07*) and require stabilisation before hazardous landfill disposal or chemical treatment for metal recovery.
Typical Generators
Established valorisation pathways for EWC 19 01, ranked by economic value and market depth. IBA aggregate recovery (bottom ash) is the primary route.
Non-hazardous MSWI bottom ash processed at IBA facilities: ferrous metals separated by magnets, non-ferrous by eddy current separators, mineral fraction sized to aggregate specification. IBA aggregate used in road sub-base and asphalt. Metal recovery generates significant revenue offsetting disposal costs.
Hazardous APC residues (fly ash, filter cake) stabilised with cement binders to immobilise heavy metals and reduce leachability. Stabilised product disposed at hazardous landfill or in permitted underground salt mine caverns — underground storage provides near-permanent containment.
Advanced treatment of APC residues using hydrothermal processing (HALOSEP) or acid washing to remove chlorides and recover heavy metals (zinc, lead) as secondary raw materials. Treated mineral fraction may then qualify for landfill at lower cost or aggregate applications.
These are the established routes for EWC 19 01. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.
Get the ranked options for your streamPrimary & secondary off-takers
Stabilisation and disposal of hazardous APC residues and fly ash
Road construction accepting IBA aggregate as secondary aggregate sub-base material
Steel EAF facilities accepting ferrous metals recovered from MSWI bottom ash
Non-ferrous smelters recovering zinc and lead from APC residue treatment
Source: NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat, 2008
Key legislative frameworks governing EWC 19 01 classification, transport, and treatment.
IED Chapter IV mandates minimisation of waste from incineration processes and recovery of viable residues. Bottom ash must be tested before disposal or use. Fly ash and APC residues classified per HP criteria. Residue quality monitoring is part of IED permit conditions for MSWI operators.
Hazardous incineration residues (APC, fly ash) must meet WAC leachate limits under Decision 2003/33/EC before hazardous landfill. Key parameters: chlorides <25,000 mg/kg, sulphate <50,000 mg/kg, heavy metal concentrations within limits. Stabilisation to meet WAC is standard practice.
IBA aggregate end-of-waste status achieved under national frameworks in several Member States (UK: Quality Protocol; Netherlands: REACH exemption approach). EU-level EoW regulation under development. IBA must meet leachate testing, composition and physical specification criteria.
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Sectors that valorise EWC 19 01 as an input material or secondary raw material.
Waste-stream pages and resources connected to EWC 19 01 valorisation.
Explore EU waste flows — Waste Atlas
Visualise 17 years of E-PRTR industrial facility data. See how EWC 19 01 and related waste streams flow across European industries and sectors.
Source: EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC · NACE Rev.2 — Eurostat 2008
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