EWC Code
Sands from fluidised beds
EUR-Lex Commission Decision 2000/532/EC — Official Journal L 226, 06/09/2000Have a 10 01 24 stream? See the dossier that replaces the feasibility study.
See the validation dossier~120 Mt/year EU fly ash; ~40 Mt/year FGD gypsum · €5–30/tonne (grade-dependent)
Primary buyers include Manufacture of cement and Manufacture of lime and plaster.
Get your full stream analysisAnnual Volume (EU)
~120 Mt/year EU fly ash; ~40 Mt/year FGD gypsum
Valorisation Range
€5–30/tonne (grade-dependent)
Primary Route
Supplementary Cementitious Material
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Get contacts for EWC 10 01 24EWC 10 01 24 is a specific sub-code under EWC 10 01 — Wastes from power stations and other combustion plants. The classification guidance below applies to this waste stream.
EWC 10 01 covers all solid residues produced during combustion in power stations and industrial boilers. The three principal fractions are fly ash (airborne particulate captured by electrostatic precipitators or bag filters), bottom ash (coarse residue from the furnace grate), and flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) gypsum — a synthetic calcium sulphate dihydrate formed when SO₂ scrubbing reacts with limestone slurry.
Fly ash quality is classified under ASTM C618 (Class F: siliceous, from bituminous coal; Class C: calcareous, from sub-bituminous/lignite) and EN 450-1 (EU standard for concrete use). Class F fly ash can replace 20–35% of Portland cement by mass, reducing embodied carbon and improving long-term strength development through pozzolanic reaction.
FGD gypsum — often called synthetic gypsum — is chemically equivalent to mined gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) at ≥96% purity. EU wallboard manufacturers (Knauf, Saint-Gobain, British Gypsum) consume FGD gypsum as a primary raw material, displacing quarried natural gypsum. The European Coal Combustion Products Association (ECOBA) reports EU utilisation rates exceeding 90% for FGD gypsum, making it one of the highest-valorised industrial by-products in Europe.
Typical Generators
Established valorisation pathways for EWC 10 01 24, ranked by economic value and market depth.
Fly ash co-ground or blended into Portland cement (CEM II/B-V, CEM IV) under EN 197-1. Certified under EN 450-1 for concrete production, replacing 20–35% clinker and cutting CO₂ per tonne of cement by up to 30%. Key buyers: Heidelberg Materials, Holcim, CRH.
FGD gypsum (≥96% CaSO₄·2H₂O purity, ≤0.5% chloride) is the primary raw material for plasterboard and interior plaster products. Direct substitute for mined gypsum with no quality penalty. Knauf, Saint-Gobain and British Gypsum operate dedicated FGD supply agreements.
Bottom ash (IBA from grate combustion) is stabilised and used as granular fill in road embankments and sub-base layers under EA Waste Protocol WP10. Mandatory quality testing for heavy metals leachability under EN 13242 before placement in groundwater-sensitive zones.
These are the established routes for EWC 10 01 24. Which one your stream qualifies for depends on its composition, volume and region.
See how this gets validatedPrimary & secondary off-takers
Fly ash as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in blended cements
FGD gypsum as primary raw material for plaster and plasterboard
Bottom ash as road sub-base and bulk fill under EA Waste Protocol WP10
Residual fractions failing valorisation quality thresholds — landfill licensed sites
Internal recycling of boiler ash in circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion systems
Dedicated waste-stream pages covering EWC 10 01 24 — pricing, buyer industries and valorisation routes.
Sectors that valorise EWC 10 01 24 as an input material or secondary raw material.
Your sands from fluidised beds stream is assessed against chemistry, waste classification and proven recovery routes — graded results in your browser in seconds. No call, no commitment.
Recovery tiers only. For numbers that survive a technical review, see the validation dossier.